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AS(1) GNU Development Tools AS(1)
NAME
AS - the portable GNU assembler.
SYNOPSIS
as [-a[cdhlns][=file]] [-D] [--defsym sym=val]
[-f] [--gstabs] [--gdwarf2] [--help] [-I dir]
[-J] [-K] [-L]
[--listing-lhs-width=NUM] [--listing-lhs-width2=NUM]
[--listing-rhs-width=NUM] [--listing-cont-lines=NUM]
[--keep-locals] [-o objfile] [-R] [--statistics] [-v]
[-version] [--version] [-W] [--warn] [--fatal-warnings]
[-w] [-x] [-Z] [--target-help] [target-options]
[--|files ...]
Target Alpha options:
[-mcpu]
[-mdebug | -no-mdebug]
[-relax] [-g] [-Gsize]
[-F] [-32addr]
Target ARC options:
[-marc[5|6|7|8]]
[-EB|-EL]
Target ARM options:
[-mcpu=processor[+extension...]]
[-march=architecture[+extension...]]
[-mfpu=floating-point-fromat]
[-mthumb]
[-EB|-EL]
[-mapcs-32|-mapcs-26|-mapcs-float|
-mapcs-reentrant]
[-mthumb-interwork] [-moabi] [-k]
Target CRIS options:
[--underscore | --no-underscore]
[--pic] [-N]
[--emulation=criself | --emulation=crisaout]
Target D10V options:
[-O]
Target D30V options:
[-O|-n|-N]
Target i386 options:
[--32|--64]
Target i960 options:
[-ACA|-ACA_A|-ACB|-ACC|-AKA|-AKB|
-AKC|-AMC]
[-b] [-no-relax]
Target IP2K options:
[-mip2022|-mip2022ext]
Target M32R options:
[--m32rx|--[no-]warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts|
--W[n]p]
Target M680X0 options:
[-l] [-m68000|-m68010|-m68020|...]
Target M68HC11 options:
[-m68hc11|-m68hc12|-m68hcs12]
[-mshort|-mlong]
[-mshort-double|-mlong-double]
[--force-long-branchs] [--short-branchs]
[--strict-direct-mode] [--print-insn-syntax]
[--print-opcodes] [--generate-example]
Target MCORE options:
[-jsri2bsr] [-sifilter] [-relax]
[-mcpu=[210|340]]
Target MIPS options:
[-nocpp] [-EL] [-EB] [-n] [-O[optimization level]]
[-g[debug level]] [-G num] [-KPIC] [-call_shared]
[-non_shared] [-xgot] [--membedded-pic]
[-mabi=ABI] [-32] [-n32] [-64] [-mfp32] [-mgp32]
[-march=CPU] [-mtune=CPU] [-mips1] [-mips2]
[-mips3] [-mips4] [-mips5] [-mips32] [-mips32r2]
[-mips64]
[-construct-floats] [-no-construct-floats]
[-trap] [-no-break] [-break] [-no-trap]
[-mfix7000] [-mno-fix7000]
[-mips16] [-no-mips16]
[-mips3d] [-no-mips3d]
[-mdmx] [-no-mdmx]
[-mdebug] [-no-mdebug]
Target MMIX options:
[--fixed-special-register-names] [--globalize-symbols]
[--gnu-syntax] [--relax] [--no-predefined-symbols]
[--no-expand] [--no-merge-gregs] [-x]
[--linker-allocated-gregs]
Target PDP11 options:
[-mpic|-mno-pic] [-mall] [-mno-extensions]
[-mextension|-mno-extension]
[-mcpu] [-mmachine]
Target picoJava options:
[-mb|-me]
Target PowerPC options:
[-mpwrx|-mpwr2|-mpwr|-m601|-mppc|-mppc32|-m603|-m604|
-m403|-m405|-mppc64|-m620|-mppc64bridge|-mbooke|
-mbooke32|-mbooke64]
[-mcom|-many|-maltivec] [-memb]
[-mregnames|-mno-regnames]
[-mrelocatable|-mrelocatable-lib]
[-mlittle|-mlittle-endian|-mbig|-mbig-endian]
[-msolaris|-mno-solaris]
Target SPARC options:
[-Av6|-Av7|-Av8|-Asparclet|-Asparclite
-Av8plus|-Av8plusa|-Av9|-Av9a]
[-xarch=v8plus|-xarch=v8plusa] [-bump]
[-32|-64]
DESCRIPTION
GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or
have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you
should find a fairly similar environment when you use it
on another architecture. Each version has much in common
with the others, including object file formats, most
assembler directives (often called pseudo-ops) and
assembler syntax.
as is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU
C compiler for use by the linker . Nevertheless, we've
tried to make as assemble correctly everything that other
assemblers for the same machine would assemble. Any
exceptions are documented explicitly. This doesn't mean
as always uses the same syntax as another assembler for
the same architecture; for example, we know of several
incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.
Each time you run as it assembles exactly one source pro-
gram. The source program is made up of one or more files.
(The standard input is also a file.)
You give as a command line that has zero or more input
file names. The input files are read (from left file name
to right). A command line argument (in any position) that
has no special meaning is taken to be an input file name.
If you give as no file names it attempts to read one input
file from the as standard input, which is normally your
terminal. You may have to type ctl-D to tell as there is
no more program to assemble.
Use -- if you need to explicitly name the standard input
file in your command line.
If the source is empty, as produces a small, empty object
file.
as may write warnings and error messages to the standard
error file (usually your terminal). This should not hap-
pen when a compiler runs as automatically. Warnings
report an assumption made so that as could keep assembling
a flawed program; errors report a grave problem that stops
the assembly.
If you are invoking as via the GNU C compiler (version 2),
you can use the -Wa option to pass arguments through to
the assembler. The assembler arguments must be separated
from each other (and the -Wa) by commas. For example:
gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c
This passes two options to the assembler: -alh (emit a
listing to standard output with high-level and assembly
source) and -L (retain local symbols in the symbol table).
Usually you do not need to use this -Wa mechanism, since
many compiler command-line options are automatically
passed to the assembler by the compiler. (You can call
the GNU compiler driver with the -v option to see pre-
cisely what options it passes to each compilation pass,
including the assembler.)
OPTIONS
-a[cdhlmns]
Turn on listings, in any of a variety of ways:
-ac omit false conditionals
-ad omit debugging directives
-ah include high-level source
-al include assembly
-am include macro expansions
-an omit forms processing
-as include symbols
=file
set the name of the listing file
You may combine these options; for example, use -aln
for assembly listing without forms processing. The
=file option, if used, must be the last one. By
itself, -a defaults to -ahls.
-D Ignored. This option is accepted for script compati-
bility with calls to other assemblers.
--defsym sym=value
Define the symbol sym to be value before assembling
the input file. value must be an integer constant.
As in C, a leading 0x indicates a hexadecimal value,
and a leading 0 indicates an octal value.
-f ``fast''---skip whitespace and comment preprocessing
(assume source is compiler output).
--gstabs
Generate stabs debugging information for each assem-
bler line. This may help debugging assembler code, if
the debugger can handle it.
--gdwarf2
Generate DWARF2 debugging information for each assem-
bler line. This may help debugging assembler code, if
the debugger can handle it. Note - this option is
only supported by some targets, not all of them.
--help
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
--target-help
Print a summary of all target specific options and
exit.
-I dir
Add directory dir to the search list for ".include"
directives.
-J Don't warn about signed overflow.
-K This option is accepted but has no effect on the TAR-
GET family.
-L
--keep-locals
Keep (in the symbol table) local symbols. On tradi-
tional a.out systems these start with L, but different
systems have different local label prefixes.
--listing-lhs-width=number
Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data
column for an assembler listing to number.
--listing-lhs-width2=number
Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data
column for continuation lines in an assembler listing
to number.
--listing-rhs-width=number
Set the maximum width of an input source line, as dis-
played in a listing, to number bytes.
--listing-cont-lines=number
Set the maximum number of lines printed in a listing
for a single line of input to number + 1.
-o objfile
Name the object-file output from as objfile.
-R Fold the data section into the text section.
--statistics
Print the maximum space (in bytes) and total time (in
seconds) used by assembly.
--strip-local-absolute
Remove local absolute symbols from the outgoing symbol
table.
-v
-version
Print the as version.
--version
Print the as version and exit.
-W
--no-warn
Suppress warning messages.
--fatal-warnings
Treat warnings as errors.
--warn
Don't suppress warning messages or treat them as
errors.
-w Ignored.
-x Ignored.
-Z Generate an object file even after errors.
-- | files ...
Standard input, or source files to assemble.
The following options are available when as is configured
for an ARC processor.
-marc[5|6|7|8]
This option selects the core processor variant.
-EB | -EL
Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL)
output.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the ARM processor family.
-mcpu=processor[+extension...]
Specify which ARM processor variant is the target.
-march=architecture[+extension...]
Specify which ARM architecture variant is used by the
target.
-mfpu=floating-point-format
Select which Floating Point architecture is the tar-
get.
-mthumb
Enable Thumb only instruction decoding.
-mapcs-32 | -mapcs-26 | -mapcs-float | -mapcs-reentrant |
-moabi
Select which procedure calling convention is in use.
-EB | -EL
Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL)
output.
-mthumb-interwork
Specify that the code has been generated with inter-
working between Thumb and ARM code in mind.
-k Specify that PIC code has been generated.
See the info pages for documentation of the CRIS-specific
options.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a D10V processor.
-O Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a D30V processor.
-O Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.
-n Warn when nops are generated.
-N Warn when a nop after a 32-bit multiply instruction is
generated.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Intel 80960 processor.
-ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC
Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the
target.
-b Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.
-no-relax
Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long
displacements; error if necessary.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Ubicom IP2K series.
-mip2022ext
Specifies that the extended IP2022 instructions are
allowed.
-mip2022
Restores the default behaviour, which restricts the
permitted instructions to just the basic IP2022 ones.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Mitsubishi M32R series.
--m32rx
Specify which processor in the M32R family is the tar-
get. The default is normally the M32R, but this
option changes it to the M32RX.
--warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts or --Wp
Produce warning messages when questionable parallel
constructs are encountered.
--no-warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts or --Wnp
Do not produce warning messages when questionable par-
allel constructs are encountered.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Motorola 68000 series.
-l Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word
instead of two.
-m68000 | -m68008 | -m68010 | -m68020 | -m68030
| -m68040 | -m68060 | -m68302 | -m68331 | -m68332
| -m68333 | -m68340 | -mcpu32 | -m5200
Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the tar-
get. The default is normally the 68020, but this can
be changed at configuration time.
-m68881 | -m68882 | -mno-68881 | -mno-68882
The target machine does (or does not) have a floating-
point coprocessor. The default is to assume a copro-
cessor for 68020, 68030, and cpu32. Although the
basic 68000 is not compatible with the 68881, a combi-
nation of the two can be specified, since it's possi-
ble to do emulation of the coprocessor instructions
with the main processor.
-m68851 | -mno-68851
The target machine does (or does not) have a memory-
management unit coprocessor. The default is to assume
an MMU for 68020 and up.
For details about the PDP-11 machine dependent features
options, see @ref{PDP-11-Options}.
-mpic | -mno-pic
Generate position-independent (or position-dependent)
code. The default is -mpic.
-mall
-mall-extensions
Enable all instruction set extensions. This is the
default.
-mno-extensions
Disable all instruction set extensions.
-mextension | -mno-extension
Enable (or disable) a particular instruction set
extension.
-mcpu
Enable the instruction set extensions supported by a
particular CPU, and disable all other extensions.
-mmachine
Enable the instruction set extensions supported by a
particular machine model, and disable all other exten-
sions.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a picoJava processor.
-mb Generate ``big endian'' format output.
-ml Generate ``little endian'' format output.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Motorola 68HC11 or 68HC12 series.
-m68hc11 | -m68hc12 | -m68hcs12
Specify what processor is the target. The default is
defined by the configuration option when building the
assembler.
-mshort
Specify to use the 16-bit integer ABI.
-mlong
Specify to use the 32-bit integer ABI.
-mshort-double
Specify to use the 32-bit double ABI.
-mlong-double
Specify to use the 64-bit double ABI.
--force-long-branchs
Relative branches are turned into absolute ones. This
concerns conditional branches, unconditional branches
and branches to a sub routine.
-S | --short-branchs
Do not turn relative branchs into absolute ones when
the offset is out of range.
--strict-direct-mode
Do not turn the direct addressing mode into extended
addressing mode when the instruction does not support
direct addressing mode.
--print-insn-syntax
Print the syntax of instruction in case of error.
--print-opcodes
print the list of instructions with syntax and then
exit.
--generate-example
print an example of instruction for each possible
instruction and then exit. This option is only useful
for testing as.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the SPARC architecture:
-Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite
-Av8plus | -Av8plusa | -Av9 | -Av9a
Explicitly select a variant of the SPARC architecture.
-Av8plus and -Av8plusa select a 32 bit environment.
-Av9 and -Av9a select a 64 bit environment.
-Av8plusa and -Av9a enable the SPARC V9 instruction
set with UltraSPARC extensions.
-xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa
For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler.
These options are equivalent to -Av8plus and
-Av8plusa, respectively.
-bump
Warn when the assembler switches to another architec-
ture.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a MIPS processor.
-G num
This option sets the largest size of an object that
can be referenced implicitly with the "gp" register.
It is only accepted for targets that use ECOFF format,
such as a DECstation running Ultrix. The default
value is 8.
-EB Generate ``big endian'' format output.
-EL Generate ``little endian'' format output.
-mips1
-mips2
-mips3
-mips4
-mips5
-mips32
-mips32r2
-mips64
Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set
Architecture level. -mips1 is an alias for
-march=r3000, -mips2 is an alias for -march=r6000,
-mips3 is an alias for -march=r4000 and -mips4 is an
alias for -march=r8000. -mips5, -mips32, -mips32r2,
and -mips64 correspond to generic MIPS V, MIPS32,
MIPS32 Release 2, and MIPS64 ISA processors, respec-
tively.
-march=CPU
Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu.
-mtune=cpu
Schedule and tune for a particular MIPS cpu.
-mfix7000
-mno-fix7000
Cause nops to be inserted if the read of the destina-
tion register of an mfhi or mflo instruction occurs in
the following two instructions.
-mdebug
-no-mdebug
Cause stabs-style debugging output to go into an
ECOFF-style .mdebug section instead of the standard
ELF .stabs sections.
-mgp32
-mfp32
The register sizes are normally inferred from the ISA
and ABI, but these flags force a certain group of reg-
isters to be treated as 32 bits wide at all times.
-mgp32 controls the size of general-purpose registers
and -mfp32 controls the size of floating-point regis-
ters.
-mips16
-no-mips16
Generate code for the MIPS 16 processor. This is
equivalent to putting ".set mips16" at the start of
the assembly file. -no-mips16 turns off this option.
-mips3d
-no-mips3d
Generate code for the MIPS-3D Application Specific
Extension. This tells the assembler to accept MIPS-3D
instructions. -no-mips3d turns off this option.
-mdmx
-no-mdmx
Generate code for the MDMX Application Specific Exten-
sion. This tells the assembler to accept MDMX
instructions. -no-mdmx turns off this option.
--construct-floats
--no-construct-floats
The --no-construct-floats option disables the con-
struction of double width floating point constants by
loading the two halves of the value into the two sin-
gle width floating point registers that make up the
double width register. By default --construct-floats
is selected, allowing construction of these floating
point constants.
--emulation=name
This option causes as to emulate as configured for
some other target, in all respects, including output
format (choosing between ELF and ECOFF only), handling
of pseudo-opcodes which may generate debugging infor-
mation or store symbol table information, and default
endianness. The available configuration names are:
mipsecoff, mipself, mipslecoff, mipsbecoff, mipslelf,
mipsbelf. The first two do not alter the default
endianness from that of the primary target for which
the assembler was configured; the others change the
default to little- or big-endian as indicated by the b
or l in the name. Using -EB or -EL will override the
endianness selection in any case.
This option is currently supported only when the pri-
mary target as is configured for is a MIPS ELF or
ECOFF target. Furthermore, the primary target or oth-
ers specified with --enable-targets=... at configura-
tion time must include support for the other format,
if both are to be available. For example, the Irix 5
configuration includes support for both.
Eventually, this option will support more configura-
tions, with more fine-grained control over the assem-
bler's behavior, and will be supported for more pro-
cessors.
-nocpp
as ignores this option. It is accepted for compati-
bility with the native tools.
--trap
--no-trap
--break
--no-break
Control how to deal with multiplication overflow and
division by zero. --trap or --no-break (which are
synonyms) take a trap exception (and only work for
Instruction Set Architecture level 2 and higher);
--break or --no-trap (also synonyms, and the default)
take a break exception.
-n When this option is used, as will issue a warning
every time it generates a nop instruction from a
macro.
The following options are available when as is configured
for an MCore processor.
-jsri2bsr
-nojsri2bsr
Enable or disable the JSRI to BSR transformation. By
default this is enabled. The command line option
-nojsri2bsr can be used to disable it.
-sifilter
-nosifilter
Enable or disable the silicon filter behaviour. By
default this is disabled. The default can be overrid-
den by the -sifilter command line option.
-relax
Alter jump instructions for long displacements.
-mcpu=[210|340]
Select the cpu type on the target hardware. This con-
trols which instructions can be assembled.
-EB Assemble for a big endian target.
-EL Assemble for a little endian target.
See the info pages for documentation of the MMIX-specific
options.
SEE ALSO
gcc(1), ld(1), and the Info entries for binutils and ld.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000,
2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documenta-
tion License, Version 1.1 or any later version published
by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sec-
tions, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section
entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
binutils-2.13.90.0.18 2003-02-07 AS(1)
Time taken: 9.84580 seconds
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